Autophagy is a biological process that exists in all eukaryotic systems to help cells maintain homeostasis. Autophagy is a non-apoptotic form of programmed cell death, which has different signaling pathways and regulatory factors from apoptosis. The degradation and recycling of cellular components in autophagy are controlled, and there are three different forms, including macroautophagy, microautophagy and chaperone-mediated autophagy. Autophagy is regulated by the activity of mTOR1 kinase, which is inhibited when the autophagy process is induced. Next, the LC3 protein assists in the formation of autophagosomes, and the mature autophagosomes bind to lysosomes and are degraded by hydrolytic enzymes in the lysosomes.
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